The prophylactic effect of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) against stroke has been well established. As a consequence of the restoration of cerebral blood supply and reduced risk of stroke, cognitive functioning and perceived health may improve. Fifty-one patients with severe atherosclerotic disease of the carotid artery but without history of major stroke completed the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire and the Short Form 36 Health Survey before CEA and 3 and 12 months thereafter. Before CEA, patients reported significant but small deviations from the norm in physical function, general health, and vitality. Small improvements after CEA were observed in the perception of physical role function, general health, vitality, and mental health. Patients also retrospectively noted a slight worsening of health in the year before surgery and some improvement after surgery. Evaluation of cognitive failures in daily life did not change. Demographic or medical characteristics, such as a history of temporary ischemic symptoms, occlusion of the contralateral artery, and shunt use during surgery, did not affect outcome. In conclusion, no negative outcomes and even some limited positive effects in the perception of mental and physical health are to be expected after CEA.