Advances in surgical technique, pediatric anesthesia and histologic evaluation of the cryptorchid testis in conjunction with the known associations with infertility, testicular cancer and other risks have led to earlier management of the undescended testicle. It is hoped that this paradigm shift will lead to improved fertility and decreased risk of malignancy. The results of earlier intervention will require future evaluation as the fertility and malignancy status of children undergoing orchidopexy today will be unknown for possibly decades. We will review the current literature regarding the classification, epidemiology, diagnostic approach, and management of cryptorchidism, as well as the risks of cryptorchidism including infertility and malignancy.