In most patients the clinical course of celiac disease is unproblematic after the diagnosis has been made and a strict gluten-free diet is established. However, in rare cases complications like refractory sprue or lymphoma can occur. Individual management is required since the clinical presentation of celiac disease can be very heterogeneous. For example, it is a matter of controversy if asymptomatic patients, who have the same typical histological changes in their small bowel like patients with symptomatic celiac disease, should adhere to a gluten-free diet. A major problem is the compliance and the unintentional intake of gluten. A 100 % gluten-free diet is not possible since most food components are contaminated with trace amounts of gluten. Fortunately most patients tolerate these contaminations. Furthermore, the threshold for gluten contamination can differ highly among patients. One central point in patient care is the monitoring of a gluten-free diet and the timely recognition of complications. Therefore, the role of antibodies and duodenal histology in monitoring the course of the disease will be discussed.