Abundant progress has been made in the study of molecular biology in the last decade, which included the practical application of RNA interference, proteomic, molecular image and nano technology. The communication between bioscience with other branches (including ophthalmology) enhanced the further development of bioscience. This review briefly summarizes these new cutting age information in the field of molecular biology related with eye research to help us to acquire a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis and mechanism of treatment for systemic and eye diseases.