The mastoid apophysis originates from a recent phylogenetic formation, associated with the standing attitude and it is currently considered as an evolution of the bone super-structures. The aim of the present study was to measure the diameters of the mastoid and the temporal bone in the Greek adult population. A total of 298 temporal bones from 149 cadavers (74 male, 75 female) were examined. The distances between six landmarks were measured by means of a pachymeter on both vertical and transverse axes of the mastoids and the temporal bone. The estimated mean values for each dimension were as follows: vertical diameter, 2.37 +/- 0.42 cm; transverse diameter, 2.33 +/- 0.51 cm; anterior margin, 2.12 +/- 0.67 cm; posterior margin, 1.96 +/- 0.55 cm; oblong diameter, 10.30 +/- 0.60 cm; while the mean distance between the mastoid apex and mandibular fossa calva was 3.67 +/- 0.35 cm. Gender differences were detected for the vertical (P < 0.001), the transverse diameter of the mastoid (P < 0.001), the anterior (P < 0.001) and the posterior margin of the mastoid (P < 0.001). In both genders, the vertical diameter of the mastoid was positively correlated with the transverse diameter, as well as with its anterior and posterior margins. In the present study, direct measurements of the mastoid and temporal bone in a Mediterranean population are reported. This description may facilitate a more accurate surgical approach to the temporal bone structures.