Early c-Jun N-terminal kinase-dependent phosphorylation of activating transcription factor-2 is associated with degeneration of retinal ganglion cells

Abstract

Neuron death due to deprivation of target-derived neurotrophic factors depends on protein synthesis regulated by transcription factor activity. We investigated the content and phosphorylation of activating transcription factor 2 (ATF-2) in axon-damaged retinal ganglion cells of neonatal rats. In the retina of neonatal rats, the ATF-2 protein is predominantly located in the nucleus of the ganglion cells. A gradual loss of the immunoreactivity for ATF-2 occurred after explantation. ATF-2 is phosphorylated early after explantation, with a peak within 3 hours, preceding the peak of cell death that occurs at 18 hours. Both the phosphorylation of ATF-2 and ganglion cell death were blocked by treatment with an inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), whereas an inhibitor of p38 reduced only slightly the rate of ganglion cell death with no effect upon phosphorylation of ATF-2. Inhibitors of phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase (PI-3K), protein kinase C (PKC) or extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) had no effect. Finally, the inhibitor of JNK blocked the upregulation of both c-Jun and Hrk in the GCL after retinal explantation. The data show that phosphorylation of ATF-2 by JNK is associated with retinal ganglion cell death after axon damage.