To evaluate the efficacy of a second-look operative laparoscopy following a reproductive surgery, a randomized study was conducted on women who failed to conceive 1 year following terminal salpingostomy or following salpingo-ovariolysis by laparotomy. There is no significant difference in the cumulative probability of pregnancy at 12, 24, and 36 months follow-up between women who underwent second-look operative laparoscopy 1 year after salpingo-ovariolysis (27%, 67%, and 67%) and women who were continued to be observed expectantly (27%, 45%, and 52%, respectively). The cumulative probability of conception at 12, 24, and 36 months follow-up in women who underwent second-look laparoscopy 1 year after salpingostomy was 6%, 18%, and 18% and in women who were observed expectantly was 5%, 21%, and 27%, respectively (P = no significant). The incidence of ectopic pregnancy which was high (about one-half of patients who conceived) was also not affected by this procedure. This study suggests that second-look operative laparoscopy 1 year after terminal salpingostomy or salpingo-ovariolysis does not increase the pregnancy rate or decrease the incidence of ectopic pregnancy. Women who fail to conceive 1 year after a reproductive surgery still maintain some of their reproductive potential, but the risk of having an ectopic pregnancy is high.