The intrapartum ultrasonographic detection of the Bandl ring as a marker of dystocia

Affiliations

• ¹ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Experimental Endoscopic Surgery, Imaging, Technology, and Minimally Invasive Therapy, Vito Fazzi Hospital, Lecce, Italy; The International Translational Medicine and Biomodelling Research Group, Department of Applied Mathematics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Moscow, Russia. Electronic address: andreatinelli@gmail.com.
• ² Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Centre for Perinatal and Reproductive Medicine, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
• ³ The International Translational Medicine and Biomodelling Research Group, Department of Applied Mathematics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Moscow, Russia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Santa Maria Hospital, Bari, Italy.