Currently, biophysical mechanisms of stress signaling transduction became an object of consideration of researchers in connection with the urgent necessity to develop new techniques to enhance the sustainability and productivity of agricultural crops. The development of sensitive methods for the determination of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and comparative analysis of cGMP-dependent events in biological systems has contributed to progress in the understanding of the functioning of cGMP in plant cells. Currently, it is shown that cGMP as a secondary mediator is involved in such vital processes of growth and development of plants as seed germination, cell division, development of chloroplasts, flowering and regulation of stomatal movements. This review summarizes the available data in the literature about the role of cGMP in the responses of plant organisms to the action of stress factors of abiotic and biotic nature and its interaction with other intracellular mediators. With the use of existing ideas about the biophysical mechanisms of stress in plants, the basic elements of cGMP-dependent signal transduction system in a plant cell are considered.