Objectives: The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to compare clinical periodontal findings as well as gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and IL-33 between women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
Methods: Serum and GCF samples were collected, full-mouth recordings comprising plaque index, bleeding on probing and probing depth were performed in 96 females with GDM (cases) and 65 non-diabetic pregnant females (controls). Age, smoking status, pre-pregnancy body mass index, pregnancy outcomes were recorded. Serum and GCF IL-10, IL-33, TNF-α levels were determined.
Results: The GDM group was significantly older than the control group with an age difference of 3.27 years (mean ages were 32.05 and 28.78 years, respectively) (p<0.0001). Plaque Index (50.0 and 30.0 p=0.005), bleeding on probing (50.0 and 30.0 p=0.003) values were significantly higher in the GDM group. Serum TNF-α concentrations were significantly higher in the nonGDM group than the GDM group (p=0.001). GCF IL-10 concentrations and total amounts were significantly higher in the GDM group than the controls (p=0.004 and p<0.0001, respectively).
Conclusion: Elevated GCF IL-10 levels may be a consequence of higher levels of inflammation as indicated by higher PI and BOP in the GDM group. However, the investigated clinical parameters may not have prominent effects on TNF-α and IL-33 levels. These findings provide further support for the importance of periodontal health during pregnancy.
Keywords: Diabetes, gestational; Gingival crevicular fluid; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-33, gingival disease; Serum; Tumour necrosis factor-alpha.
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