Unspliced XBP1 Confers VSMC Homeostasis and Prevents Aortic Aneurysm Formation via FoxO4 Interaction

Circ Res. 2017 Dec 8;121(12):1331-1345. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.311450. Epub 2017 Oct 31.

Abstract

Rationale: Although not fully understood, the phenotypic transition of vascular smooth muscle cells exhibits at the early onset of the pathology of aortic aneurysms. Exploring the key regulators that are responsible for maintaining the contractile phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) may confer vascular homeostasis and prevent aneurysmal disease. XBP1 (X-box binding protein 1), which exists in a transcriptionally inactive unspliced form (XBP1u) and a spliced active form (XBP1s), is a key component in response to endoplasmic reticular stress. Compared with XBP1s, little is known about the role of XBP1u in vascular homeostasis and disease.

Objective: We aim to investigate the role of XBP1u in VSMC phenotypic switching and the pathogenesis of aortic aneurysms.

Methods and results: XBP1u, but not XBP1s, was markedly repressed in the aorta during the early onset of aortic aneurysm in both angiotensin II-infused apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) and CaPO4 (calcium phosphate)-induced C57BL/6J murine models, in parallel with a decrease in smooth muscle cell contractile apparatus proteins. In vivo studies revealed that XBP1 deficiency in smooth muscle cells caused VSMC dedifferentiation, enhanced vascular inflammation and proteolytic activity, and significantly aggravated both thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice. XBP1 deficiency, but not an inhibition of XBP1 splicing, induced VSMC switching from the contractile phenotype to a proinflammatory and proteolytic phenotype. Mechanically, in the cytoplasm, XBP1u directly associated with the N terminus of FoxO4 (Forkhead box protein O 4), a recognized repressor of VSMC differentiation via the interaction and inhibition of myocardin. Blocking the XBP1u-FoxO4 interaction facilitated nuclear translocation of FoxO4, repressed smooth muscle cell marker genes expression, promoted proinflammatory and proteolytic phenotypic transitioning in vitro, and stimulated aortic aneurysm formation in vivo.

Conclusions: Our study revealed the pivotal role of the XBP1u-FoxO4-myocardin axis in maintaining the VSMC contractile phenotype and providing protection from aortic aneurysm formation.

Keywords: aortic aneurysm; aortic disease; apolipoprotein; homeostasis; muscle, smooth, vascular.

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Aortic Aneurysm / genetics
  • Aortic Aneurysm / metabolism*
  • Binding Sites
  • COS Cells
  • Cell Cycle Proteins
  • Chlorocebus aethiops
  • Forkhead Transcription Factors / chemistry
  • Forkhead Transcription Factors / genetics
  • Forkhead Transcription Factors / metabolism*
  • HEK293 Cells
  • Homeostasis
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Mice
  • Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / metabolism*
  • Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / pathology
  • Mutation
  • Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / metabolism*
  • Nuclear Proteins / metabolism
  • Protein Binding
  • RNA Splicing*
  • Trans-Activators / metabolism
  • X-Box Binding Protein 1 / genetics
  • X-Box Binding Protein 1 / metabolism*

Substances

  • Cell Cycle Proteins
  • Forkhead Transcription Factors
  • FoxO4 protein, mouse
  • Nuclear Proteins
  • Trans-Activators
  • X-Box Binding Protein 1
  • Xbp1 protein, mouse
  • myocardin