The oral bioavailability of felodipine (FEL) is very low, i.e., about 15%. This could be due to low water solubility and hepatic first-pass effect. The objective of the present study was to develop FEL microemulsion-based gel, to bypass the first pass effect, for buccal delivery. The optimized FEL microemulsion (OPT-MEF) was used to prepare buccoadhesive gels, with varying concentrations of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) E4M and polycarbophil (PCP), and evaluated. The cross-linking of the PCP gelling agent was done by adjusting the pH with a neutralizing agent, triethanolamine (TEA). The formulations, namely drug suspension, OPT-MEF, microemulsion-based buccal gel containing 1% w/v (MEF-E4M1), 2% w/v (MEF-E4M2), and 3% w/v (MEF-E4M3) of HPMC K4M and 1% w/v (MEF-PCP1), 2% w/v (MEF-PCP2), and 3% w/v (MEF-PCP3) of PCP were prepared and optimized on the basis of ex vivo permeation study, mucoadhesion force, and viscosity. The optimized buccal gel (MEF-PCP1) showed significantly higher (p < 0.01) permeation flux (J = 0.44 ± 0.16 mg/cm2/h), when compared with the drug suspension (J = 0.17 ± 0.14 mg/cm2/h). The permeation enhancement ratio of MEF-PCP1 was found to be 2.59 times higher than that of the aqueous suspension of the drug. The texture profile analysis of MEF-PCP1 was performed which showed spreadability (3.2 mJ), extrudability (151.8 mJ), hardness (13.8 g), and adhesiveness (41.0 g), and results indicated good spreadability and adhesiveness. The rheological study revealed the pseudoplastic flow behavior of MEF-PCP1 buccal gel. The Cmax value 9.21 ± 2.88 μg/ml of MEF-PCP1 gel was found to be significantly higher (P < 0.01) compared to the same dose administered by oral route (Cmax value 3.51 ± 1.74 μg/ml). The relative bioavailability (Fr) of the optimized MEF-PCP1 buccal gel was about 397.39% higher than that of oral route. In conclusion, consistent and effective buccal gel containing optimized FEL-loaded microemulsion, with improved buccal permeation and pharmacokinetic parameters was developed successfully to improve the bioavailability of FEL.
Keywords: Buccal delivery; Buccal gel; Felodipine; Permeation flux; Texture analysis.