Separation patterns of orbital wall and risk of optic canal injury in Le Fort 3 osteotomy

Abstract

Purpose: The authors hypothesized that the risks of optic canal injury in down-fracturing after Le Fort 3 osteotomy vary depending on the separation patterns of the orbital walls. This study verifies this hypothesis using biomechanical simulation.

Methods: Ten finite-element skull models were produced using computer tomography data from ten persons. These models were modified to simulate Le Fort 3 osteotomy models by removing junctions between the neurocranium and facial cranium. The separation of the orbital wall was performed in four differing ways. In Type 1, all walls were completely separated. In Type 2, only the lateral wall was separated. In Type 3, the inferior wall was left unseparated. In Type 4, the lateral wall was left unseparated. Biomechanical simulation of down-fracturing was performed on the resulting 40 models. By observing irregular fractures occurring inside the orbit, the rate of optic canal involvement was evaluated for each of the four orbital-wall separation patterns.

Results: The rates of optic canal involvement were: Type 1 (0/10), Type 2 (0/10), Type 3 (0/10), and Type 4 (4/10).

Conclusion: When the lateral wall is incompletely separated in Le Fort 3 osteotomy, irregular fracture can develop inside the orbit and involve the optic canal during the down-fracturing process. Hence, the lateral orbital wall should be completely separated to avoid potential blindness due to optic canal injury.

Keywords: Biomechanics; Craniosurgery; Finite element analysis; Le Fort 3 osteotomy; Simulation.