Predictors for reactive thymic hyperplasia and its prognostic value in children and adolescents with lymphoma

Abstract

Background: Reactive thymic hyperplasia (RTH) is seen in children and adolescents receiving chemotherapy for various malignancies. However, it is not clear why this occurs only in some patients. The aim of this study was to identify the predictors for RTH in children and adolescents receiving chemotherapy for lymphoma and to determine the effect of RTH on prognosis.

Methods: We reviewed the medical records of 126 lymphoma patients (October 2007-October 2012). The patients were divided into two groups according to different criteria, i.e., age at initial diagnosis (2-12 years vs. 13-18 years); presence of thymic infiltration at baseline (yes vs. no); and receipt of mediastinal radiotherapy (yes vs. no). The Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate Cox regression model analysis were used to analyze predictors for RTH. Further, patients were divided into two groups according to the occurrence of RTH during follow-up, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to analyze the prognostic value of RTH.

Results: The 2-12-year-old group had a shorter duration from the end of therapy to RTH than the 13-18-year-old group (median: 3 months vs. 16 months) and a higher rate of RTH (97.1% vs. 60.3%, P < 0.001). The lymphoma thymic non-infiltration group had a shorter duration from the end of therapy to RTH than the lymphoma infiltration group (median: 4 months vs. 22 months), and a higher rate of RTH (88.2% vs. 57.6%, P < 0.001). The non-mediastinal radiotherapy group had higher rate of RTH than the mediastinal radiotherapy group (84.7% vs. 12.5%, P < 0.001). Low age, absence of thymic infiltration by lymphoma at baseline, and absence of mediastinal radiation were predictors for RTH by multivariate Cox regression analysis (P < 0.05). The RTH group had a lower recurrence rate than the non-RTH group (13.9% vs. 40%), and a longer duration from the end of therapy to recurrence (median: 10 months vs. 5 months, P < 0.001).

Conclusions: Younger age, absence of thymic infiltration by lymphoma at baseline and absence of mediastinal radiotherapy are predictors for RTH in children and adolescents. RTH may be a positive prognostic factor.

Keywords: Adolescents; Children; Lymphoma; Prognosis; Thymic hyperplasia.