Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles existing only in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria perform various important functions，such as producing energy，regulating signal transduction，and contributing to stress response. Recent studies have highlighted an important role of mitochondria in the determination of hematopoietic stem cells （HSC） fate. Limited biogenesis or timely clearance of mitochondria is an important way against oxidative stress，which favors the quiescence of HSC. Accumulation of mitochondria may lead to proliferation of HSC，even the aging of HSC. Mitochondrial signaling regulates Ca2+ concentration，which is essential for HSC differentiation. This review summarizes the current findings of the mitochondrial roles in HSC quiescence，self-renewal，lineage differentiation and aging.