Twenty-four grayanane diterpenoids (1-24) including 12 new ones (1-12) were isolated from Rhododendron auriculatum. The structures of the new grayanane diterpenoids (1-12) were defined via extensive spectroscopic data analysis. The absolute configurations of compounds 2-4, 10-12, 14, and 16 were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and electronic circular dichroism data were used to define the absolute configurations of auriculatols D (8) and E (9). Auriculatol A (1) is the first example of a 5,20-epoxygrayanane diterpenoid bearing a 7-oxabicyclo[4.2.1]nonane motif and a trans/cis/cis/cis-fused 5/5/7/6/5 pentacyclic ring system. Auriculatol B (2) is the first example of a 3α,5α-dihydroxy-1-βH-grayanane diterpenoid. 19-Hydroxy-3-epi-auriculatol B (6) and auriculatol C (7) represent the first examples of 19-hydroxygrayanane and grayan-5(6)-ene diterpenoids, respectively. Diterpenoids 1-24 showed analgesic activities in the writhing test induced by HOAc, and 2, 6, 10, 13, 19, and 24 at a dose of 5.0 mg/kg exhibited significant analgesic effects (inhibition rates >50%). Grayanane diterpenoids grayanotoxins I (19) and IV (24) at doses of 0.2 and 0.04 mg/kg showed more potent analgesic activities than morphine.