Purpose: Glaucoma results in progressive degeneration of the optic nerve and irreversible vision loss. Several mutations in the gene encoding optineurin (OPTN), the receptor for Parkin-dependent mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy), are associated with glaucoma and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). ALS mutations in the ubiquitin-binding domain of OPTN impair Parkin-dependent mitophagy. However, the effects of glaucoma mutations in this region remain unknown. We examined the impact of glaucoma-associated OPTN mutations on Parkin-dependent mitophagy.
Methods: The mitochondria-localized, pH-sensitive fluorescent protein mito-Keima was used to monitor mitophagy. HeLa cells expressing Parkin were treated with carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) or oligomycin/antimycin A (O/A) to induce Parkin-dependent mitophagy. Two complementary mitophagy receptors, OPTN and NDP52, were deleted in HeLa cells expressing mito-Keima and Parkin (DKO_HeLa). The mutant OPTN genes were re-introduced into DKO_HeLa cells using retroviruses or through transfection. Mitophagy activity and OPTN localization were evaluated via microscopic analyses. OPTN binding to ubiquitin was examined using an immunoprecipitation assay.
Results: Parkin-dependent mitophagy was inhibited in DKO_HeLa cells. Introduction of two glaucoma mutations in the ubiquitin-interacting region of OPTN restored mitophagy in CCCP-treated DKO_HeLa cells, whereas the two ALS mutations failed to replicate this effect. Under treatment with CCCP, the two glaucoma-mutant OPTN proteins normally translocated to mitochondria and bound to ubiquitinated proteins. Furthermore, five additional glaucoma-mutant OPTN proteins restored CCCP-induced mitophagy. Moreover, treatment with O/A exhibited similar results.
Conclusions: Glaucoma-mutant OPTN proteins retain their normal properties as mitophagy receptors, suggesting that mutations in the OPTN gene cause glaucoma through a mechanism independent of mitophagy defects.