Microglia as resident cells of the brain can regulate neural development and maintenance of neuronal networks. Any types of pathologic events or changes in brain homeostasis are involved in the activation of microglia. This activation depends on the context, type of the stressor, or pathology. Due to the release of a plethora of substances such as chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors, microglia able to influence the pathologic outcome. In Alzheimer's disease (AD) condition, the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) result in provokes the phenotypic activation of microglia and their elaboration of pro-inflammatory molecules. New investigations reveal that cellular therapy with stem cells might have therapeutic effects in preventing the pathogenesis of AD. Although many strategies have focused on the use of stem cells to regenerate damaged neurons, new researches have demonstrated the immune-regulatory feature of stem cells which can modulate the activity state of microglia as well as mediates neuroinflammation. Hence, understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the brain homeostasis by the protective features of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could lead to remedial treatment for AD.
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Cell therapy; Mesenchymal stem cells; Microglia; Stem cells.