Identifying intrinsic and extrinsic sources of variation in life history traits among populations has been well-studied at the post-embryonic stage but rarely at the embryonic stage. To reveal these sources of variation in the developmental success of embryos, we measured the physical characteristics of nest environments and conducted reciprocal egg-swap experiments in two populations of the toad-headed agamid lizard (Phrynocephalus przewalskii), isolated from each other by a mountain range. We determined the effects of population origin and nest environment on embryonic and offspring traits related to developmental success, including incubation period, hatching success, and offspring growth and survival. Females from the northern population constructed deeper nests that were colder and wetter than those from the southern population. Northern embryos had higher hatching success than the southern embryos when incubated at the northern nest environment, but not when they were incubated at the southern nest environment. The southern hatchlings grew faster than the northern hatchlings when incubated at the southern nest environment, but not after incubation at the northern nest environment. These phenomena likely reflect local adaptation of embryonic development to their nest environments among populations in lizards. In addition, the southern hatchlings had higher survivorship than the northern hatchlings regardless of nest environment, suggesting the southern population has evolved a superior phenotype at the hatchling stage to maximize its fitness.
Keywords: Embryonic development; Geographic variation; Local adaptation; Nest selection; Offspring; Reptile.