DRISTI: a hybrid deep neural network for diabetic retinopathy diagnosis

Abstract

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a significant reason for the global increase in visual loss. Studies show that timely treatment can significantly bring down such incidents. Hence, it is essential to distinguish the stages and severity of DR to recommend needed medical attention. In this view, this paper presents DRISTI (Diabetic Retinopathy classIfication by analySing reTinal Images), where a hybrid deep learning model composed of VGG16 and capsule network is proposed, which yields statistically significant performance improvement over the state of the art. To validate our claim, we have reported detailed experimental and ablation studies. We have also created an augmented dataset to increase the APTOS dataset's size and check how robust the model is. The five-class training and validation accuracy for the expanded dataset is $99.21\%$ and $75.50\%$ . The two-class training and validation accuracy on augmented APTOS is $99.96\%$ and $97.05\%$ . Extending the two-class model for the mixed dataset, we get a training and validation accuracy of $99.92\%$ and $91.43\%$ , respectively. We have also performed cross-dataset and mixed dataset testing to demonstrate the efficiency of DRISTI.

Keywords: Capsule network; Deep learning; Diabetic retinopathy; Image classification; VGG16.