In 1981, rare opportunistic infections (Kaposi’s sarcoma and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia) were reported as clinical cases (Gottlieb et al., 1981) and later identified as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Worldwide, 39 million deaths are cumulatively related to AIDS (UNAIDS, 2014), and 36.9 million individuals were living with HIV in 2014 (UNAIDS, 2015). Despite substantial progress, including increased global access to antiretroviral therapy (ART), the burden of disease from HIV disproportionately affects individuals in low- and middle-income countries (United Nations, 2015). The remaining major challenges in HIV prevention and treatments have heightened interest in the roles of treatment adjuncts, such as micronutrient supplementation. In certain resource-limited settings with higher prevalence of HIV, individuals often face the additional challenges of malnutrition (including vitamin D deficiency) and food insecurity (United Nations, 2015).
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