Background: Suicide, drug overdose, and alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) mortality have been rising in the United States. While suicide and overdose have received a great deal of attention, far less public health concern has focused on chronic ALD. To address this gap, we examine ALD mortality rates, by race, in a cohort of autoworkers to describe trends over the past 75 years, from the peak in automobile manufacturing employment through its decline.
Methods: Based on the United Autoworkers-General Motors (UAW-GM) cohort we estimated temporal trends in age-adjusted ALD mortality rates from 1941 through 2015 at three automobile manufacturing plants in Michigan. We compared these rates to county, state, and U.S. rates, directly standardized to the 2000 U.S. census, to assess the roles of race and employment on ALD mortality.
Results: The overall age-adjusted ALD mortality rate among 41,097 male autoworkers peaked at 46.1 per 100,000 in the 1970s, followed by a gradual decline and a recent rise. Rates were slightly higher for black than white men until early 2000s, when rates increased only for white men. ALD mortality rates in the study cohort tracked national, state, and county rates for white men until the most recent time period, but were lower throughout the study period for black men, especially in the 1970s and 1980s.
Conclusions: Employment in automobile manufacturing may have offered some protection against death from ALD for black men, and loss of those manufacturing jobs may have impacted white men without a college degree more in recent decades.
Keywords: ALD mortality; Alcohol-related liver disease; Alcohol-related liver disease mortality; Automobile manufacturing; Autoworkers; Deaths of despair; Occupational; Substance abuse; alcohol-related liver disease (ALD), United Autoworkers-General Motors (UAW-GM).
© 2021 Published by Elsevier Ltd.