Body Image Scale: Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties in Three Indian Head and Neck Cancer Language Groups

Chindhu Shunmugasundaram; Haryana M Dhillon; Phyllis N Butow; Puma Sundaresan; Mahati Chittem; Niveditha Akula; Surendran Veeraiah; Nagraj Huilgol; Claudia Rutherford

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.779850

Body Image Scale: Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties in Three Indian Head and Neck Cancer Language Groups

Front Psychol. 2022 May 12:13:779850. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.779850. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Chindhu Shunmugasundaram^{1

2}, Haryana M Dhillon^{1

2}, Phyllis N Butow^{1

2}, Puma Sundaresan^{3

4}, Mahati Chittem⁵, Niveditha Akula⁵, Surendran Veeraiah⁶, Nagraj Huilgol⁷, Claudia Rutherford^{8

9}

Affiliations

¹ Centre for Medical Psychology and Evidence-Based Decision-Making, School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
² Psycho-Oncology Cooperative Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
³ Radiation Oncology Network, Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁴ Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁵ Department of Liberal Arts, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, India.
⁶ Department of Psycho-Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, India.
⁷ Division of Radiation Oncology, Nanavati Super Speciality Hospital, Mumbai, India.
⁸ Quality of Life Office, School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁹ Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, Cancer Nursing Research Unit, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Abstract

Background: Body image is a subjective concept encompassing a person's views and emotions about their body. Head and neck cancer (HNC) diagnosis and treatment affects several psychosocial concepts including body image. Large numbers of HNC patients are diagnosed each year in India but there are no suitable measures in regional languages to assess their body image. This study assessed the psychometric properties of the Body Image Scale (BIS), a measure suitable for clinical and research use in HNC populations, translated into Tamil, Telugu and Hindi and compared body image distress between language groups.

Methods: Translated versions of BIS were completed by HNC patients recruited from three cancer centers across India one time only. Psychometric evaluation was conducted including factor analysis using principal component analysis and internal consistency reliability using Cronbach's alpha. Patients completed the EORTC Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ) C-30 and EORTC QLQ HN-35 measures to enable exploration of convergent and discriminant validity. ANOVA was used to calculate difference in mean values for body image.

Results: Our sample included 621 HNC patients (Tamil = 205, Telugu = 216, Hindi = 200). Factor analysis revealed a one-factor solution and Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranged between 0.891 and 0.969 indicating good reliability. Hypothesized correlations between similar and different constructs were as expected, supporting construct validity. On the BIS, we found a statistically significant difference (F = 11.0954, P < 0.05) between means of Tamil, Telugu, and Hindi groups, with higher body image scores in Telugu (M = 12.86; SD = 7.65) and Hindi groups (M = 12.52; SD = 7.36) indicating more symptoms/body image distress, when compared to Tamil population (M = 9.28; SD = 10.04).

Conclusion: The reliability and validity of the three translated Indian versions of the BIS were maintained, providing a method for assessing body image of HNC population worldwide speaking Tamil, Telugu, and Hindi across the illness trajectory.

Keywords: Indian languages; body image; cross-cultural adaptation; head and neck cancer; validation.