Glutamine antagonist JHU083 improves psychosocial behavior and sleep deficits in EcoHIV-infected mice

Benjamin J Bell; Kristen R Hollinger; Pragney Deme; Shinji Sakamoto; Yuto Hasegawa; David Volsky; Atsushi Kamiya; Norman Haughey; Xiaolei Zhu; Barbara S Slusher

doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100478

Glutamine antagonist JHU083 improves psychosocial behavior and sleep deficits in EcoHIV-infected mice

Brain Behav Immun Health. 2022 Jun 9:23:100478. doi: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100478. eCollection 2022 Aug.

Authors

Benjamin J Bell^{1

2}, Kristen R Hollinger¹, Pragney Deme², Shinji Sakamoto³, Yuto Hasegawa³, David Volsky⁴, Atsushi Kamiya³, Norman Haughey^{2

3}, Xiaolei Zhu^{1

3}, Barbara S Slusher^{1

2

3}

Affiliations

¹ Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
² Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
³ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
⁴ Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.

Abstract

Combined antiretroviral therapy ushered an era of survivable HIV infection in which people living with HIV (PLH) conduct normal life activities and enjoy measurably extended lifespans. However, despite viral control, PLH often experience a variety of cognitive, emotional, and physical phenotypes that diminish their quality of life, including cognitive impairment, depression, and sleep disruption. Recently, accumulating evidence has linked persistent CNS immune activation to the overproduction of glutamate and upregulation of glutaminase (GLS) activity, particularly in microglial cells, driving glutamatergic imbalance with neurological consequences. Our lab has developed a brain-penetrant prodrug of the glutamine antagonist 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON), JHU083, that potently inhibits brain GLS activity in mice following oral administration. To assess the therapeutic potential of JHU083, we infected mice with EcoHIV and characterized their neurobehavioral phenotypes. EcoHIV-infected mice exhibited decreased social interaction, suppressed sucrose preference, disrupted sleep during the early rest period, and increased sleep fragmentation, similar to what has been reported in PLH but not yet observed in murine models. At doses shown to inhibit microglial GLS, JHU083 treatment ameliorated all of the abnormal neurobehavioral phenotypes. To explore potential mechanisms underlying this effect, hippocampal microglia were isolated for RNA sequencing. The dysregulated genes and pathways in EcoHIV-infected hippocampal microglia pointed to disruptions in immune functions of these cells, which were partially restored by JHU083 treatment. These findings suggest that upregulation of microglial GLS may affect immune functions of these cells. Thus, brain-penetrable GLS inhibitors like JHU083 could act as a potential therapeutic modality for both glutamate excitotoxicity and aberrant immune activation in microglia in chronic HIV infection.

Keywords: EcoHIV-infected mice; Glutamine antagonist; Microglial immune genes; Psychosocial deficits; Sleep deficits.

Abstract

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