Recent advances in understanding neuro

Abstract

Congenital heart disease affects around 1% of live births worldwide and can be associated with a wide range of neurodevelopmental disorders. Genetic factors are a major risk factor for poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes. Recent studies have highlighted the complexity of the underlying genetic contributions, including monogenic, oligogenic, and polygenic factors, and their interrelatedness with other risk factors such as preoperative factors (preterm birth, extracardiac malformation, and low birth weight), perioperative factors (anesthesia, type of surgery use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, cyanosis, and length of stay in the intensive care unit), postoperative factors (function of the heart after the surgery), and psychosocial factors (socioeconomic status or parent education).