Frailty and hearing loss: From association to causation

Abstract

Background: Observational studies suggest that frailty is associated with hearing loss (HL) but with inconsistent results. This study aims to examine such association and to assess its causality.

Materials and methods: The cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the association between HL and frailty index (FI). Genetic variants associated with the FI and HL were obtained from a large genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis and UK Biobank GWAS. The inverse variance weighting (IVW) method was used to estimate causal effects. Sensitivity analyses were performed to further validate the robustness of results.

Results: In this cross-sectional analysis, results support the possibility that frailty may be associated with a higher risk of developing HL, with self-reported [odds ratio (OR) = 2.813; 95% CI, 2.386, 3.317; p < 0.001], speech frequency HL (OR = 1.975; 95% CI, 1.679-2.323; p < 0.001), and high frequency HL (OR = 1.748; 95% CI, 1.459-2.094; p < 0.001). In the adjusted model, frail participants remained at high risk of HL. Mendelian randomization (MR) studies showed a bidirectional causal association between genetically predicted FI and risk of HL (FI for exposure: OR = 1.051; 95% CI, 1.020-1.083; p = 0.001; HL for exposure: OR = 1.527; 95% CI, 1.227-1.901; p < 0.001).

Conclusion: Our observational study found that inter-individual differences in frailty were associated with the risk of developing HL. Genetic evidence suggests a potential bidirectional causal association between FI and HL. Furthermore, the potential mechanisms of this association require investigation.

Keywords: Mendelian randomization; NAHANES; causation; frailty index; hearing loss.