Multiple sclerosis (MS) is commonly associated with bladder dysfunction resulting in a progressive loss of voluntary control for urination over time. Here, we used the voided stain on paper (VSOP) method to investigate bladder function in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS. Using the VSOP test, we show that bladder dysfunction reflects pro-inflammatory processes of EAE and severity of clinical EAE symptoms, as characterized by increased urine voided volume per micturition (UVVM) on post-induction day 7 and decreased UVVM on post-induction day 14. The UVVM was closely related to a clinical disease index of EAE symptoms and plasma granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) cytokine levels. UVVM was also sensitive to early life stress caused by animal transportation, which diminished UVVM at the peak of symptoms on post-induction day 14 in EAE mice. The results indicate that symptoms and progression of EAE can be reliably measured by VSOP as a non-motor function assessment.
Keywords: Bladder function; Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE); Micturition; Multiple sclerosis (MS); Non-motor symptoms; Preclinical model; Stress; Voided stain on paper.
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