Tools for studying human microglia: In vitro and in vivo strategies

Anna S Warden; Claudia Han; Emily Hansen; Samantha Trescott; Celina Nguyen; Roy Kim; Danielle Schafer; Avalon Johnson; Madison Wright; Gabriela Ramirez; Mark Lopez-Sanchez; Nicole G Coufal

doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2022.10.008

Tools for studying human microglia: In vitro and in vivo strategies

Brain Behav Immun. 2023 Jan:107:369-382. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.10.008. Epub 2022 Nov 3.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
² Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
³ Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
⁴ Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
⁵ Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
⁶ Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. Electronic address: ncoufal@health.ucsd.edu.

Abstract

Microglia may only represent 10% of central nervous system (CNS) cells but they perform critical roles in development, homeostasis and neurological disease. Microglia are also environmentally regulated, quickly losing their transcriptomic and epigenetic signature after leaving the CNS. This facet of microglia biology is both fascinating and technically challenging influencing the study of the genetics and function of human microglia in a manner that recapitulates the CNS environment. In this review we provide a comprehensive overview of existing in vitro and in vivo methodology to study human microglia, such as immortalized cells lines, stem cell-derived microglia, cerebral organoids and xenotransplantation. Since there is currently no single method that completely recapitulates all hallmarks of human ex vivo adult homeostatic microglia, we also discuss the advantages and limitations of each existing model as a practical guide for researchers.

Tools for studying human microglia: In vitro and in vivo strategies

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Abstract

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