Embracing multiple stakeholders' perspectives in defining competent simulation facilitators' characteristics and educational behaviours: a qualitative study from Denmark, Korea, and Australia

Margrethe Duch Christensen; Doris Østergaard; Søren Stagelund; Leonie Watterson; Hyun Soo Chung; Peter Dieckmann

doi:10.1186/s41077-022-00240-1

Embracing multiple stakeholders' perspectives in defining competent simulation facilitators' characteristics and educational behaviours: a qualitative study from Denmark, Korea, and Australia

Adv Simul (Lond). 2023 Jan 9;8(1):1. doi: 10.1186/s41077-022-00240-1.

Authors

Margrethe Duch Christensen^{1

2}, Doris Østergaard^{1

3}, Søren Stagelund⁴, Leonie Watterson⁵, Hyun Soo Chung⁶, Peter Dieckmann^{7

8

9}

Affiliations

¹ Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation (CAMES), Copenhagen, Denmark.
² Department of Anaesthesiology, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark.
³ Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁴ Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
⁵ Sydney Clinical Skills and Simulation Centre, Sydney, Australia.
⁶ Department of Emergency Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
⁷ Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation (CAMES), Copenhagen, Denmark. mail@peter-dieckmann.de.
⁸ Department of Quality and Health Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway. mail@peter-dieckmann.de.
⁹ Institute for Public Health, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark. mail@peter-dieckmann.de.

Abstract

Background: Simulation-based learning (SBL), used for achieving various learning goals, is spreading around the world. However, it is still open, to what extend SBL needs to be adapted to local cultures. This study aimed to explore how various stakeholder groups perceive what constitutes a competent simulation facilitator across three different countries.

Methods: We conducted an interview study with learners, facilitators, and facilitator trainers. Semi-structured interviews with 75 participants underwent content analysis. Participants were recruited from Denmark, Korea, and Australia. Interviews focused on characteristics of simulation faculty, as well as educational behaviours. Interviews were audio-recorded, translated to English, transcribed, and content analysed by inductively developing codes using the Nvivo software. In the first coding round, each interview was treated separately. In the analysis round, the individual codes between countries and stakeholder groups were compared to identify similarities and differences.

Results: Our study shows high demands for the simulation facilitator role. A competent simulation facilitator should possess the following characteristics: (1) subject matter expertise, (2) personal approach and traits, (3) self-awareness and reflection, and (4) communication skills. Educational behaviours comprised (1) supporting a safe learning environment, 2) working goal-oriented with the course, (3) engaging before the course with preparation, (4) leading scenarios, and (5) facilitating debriefings. Comparative analysis showed similar wishes towards simulation facilitators from the different stakeholders in different countries, though the same terms might mean different details in the various settings.

Conclusions: These findings offer guidance for learning needs analysis and the establishment of faculty development programmes. The study also shows that the personal characteristics are an important aspect of the facilitator role above and beyond displaying educational behaviours.

Keywords: Capabilities; Characteristic; Competence; Cultural differences; Educator; Facilitator; Instructor; Qualitative research; Simulation training; Simulation-based learning.