Introduction: Recent studies have suggested that cartilage progenitor cells (CPCs) could be activated and differentiated into chondrocytes to produce matrix and to restore the integrity of damaged cartilage after injury. However, the mechanism involved in CPC activation upon damage is still unclear. This study aims to investigate the role of high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 (HMGB1) in both activation and migration of CPCs during cartilage injury.
Material and methods: Explants harvested from mature bovine stifle joints were used for impact injury. The proliferation and migration of CPCs were examined via confocal imaging. Gene and protein expression of Hmbg1, Cxcl12, and Cxcr4 was also examined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), ELISA, and western blot. Each experiment was repeated 3 times. ANOVA and Student's t-test were performed for statistical analysis.
Results: HMGB1 released from dead and damaged chondrocytes after an impact injury could activate CPCs in the superficial zone of cartilage and promote their migration and proliferation to injury sites. However, the block of HMGB1 activation with its specific binding inhibitor glycyrrhizin inhibits the proliferation and migration of CPCs. Further investigations demonstrate that HMGB1 promotes CPCs migration through the pathway of C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12) and its receptor CXCR4. Quantitative analysis of HMGB1 in cell culture medium also indicates that CPCs may have a self-activation property after the HMGB1 released from dead cells has been exhausted.
Conclusion: HMGB1 is a pivotal factor that could enhance the migration and proliferation of CPCs through the CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway after cartilage injury, which could provide useful information for cartilage repair and osteoarthritis treatment.
Keywords: CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway; HMGB1; cartilage injury; cartilage progenitor cells.