Unpredictable Electrochemical Processes in Ti Dental Implants: The Role of Ti Ions and Inflammatory Products

Mostafa Alhamad; Valentim Adelino Barão; Cortino Sukotjo; Aleksey Yerokhin; Mathew Thoppil Mathew

doi:10.1021/acsabm.3c00235

Unpredictable Electrochemical Processes in Ti Dental Implants: The Role of Ti Ions and Inflammatory Products

ACS Appl Bio Mater. 2023 Sep 18;6(9):3661-3673. doi: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00235. Epub 2023 Aug 21.

Authors

Mostafa Alhamad^{1

2}, Valentim Adelino Barão³, Cortino Sukotjo¹, Aleksey Yerokhin⁴, Mathew Thoppil Mathew^{1

5}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Dentistry, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States.
² Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, College of Dentistry, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia.
³ Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, (UNICAMP), Piracicaba 13414-903, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁴ Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
⁵ Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Rockford, Illinois 61107, United States.

PMID: 37602778
DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00235

Abstract

Peri-implantitis is a substantially prevailing condition. A potential risk factor for peri-implantitis is Ti implant corrosion. During inflammation, substantial quantities of reactive oxygen species (ROS) secretion and local acidification occur. Little is known about the interaction between the inflammatory and corrosion products on Ti surface corrosion. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to evaluate the synergistic effect of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), lactic acid, and Ti ions on Ti corrosion. Twenty-seven commercially pure Ti samples were polished (Ra ≈ 45 nm) and divided into 9 groups as a function of electrolyte: (1) artificial saliva (AS) as control (C), (2) AS + Ti ions 20 ppm (Ti), (3) AS + lactic acid (pH = 5.5) (L), (4) AS + lactic acid + Ti ions 20 ppm (TiL), (5) AS + H₂O₂ 0.5 mM (HP_0.5), (6) AS + H₂O₂ 1.0 mM (HP_1.0), (7) AS + H₂O₂ 0.5 mM + Ti ions 20 ppm (HP_0.5Ti), (8) AS + H₂O₂ 0.5 mM + lactic acid (HP_0.5L), and (9) AS + H₂O₂ 0.5 mM + Ti ions 20 ppm + lactic acid (HP_0.5TiL). Electrochemical tests were performed following ASMT guidelines. Based on Tafel's method, current density (i_corr) and corresponding potential (E_corr) were acquired from potentiodynamic curves. Using electrochemical intensity spectroscopy (EIS), Nyquist and Bode plots were derived. Using a modified Randles circuit, charge transfer resistance (R_ct) and capacitance (C_dl) were estimated. Based on open-circuit potential data, groups C and Ti had the lowest potentials (around -0.3 and -0.4 V vs SCE, respectively), indicating a lower passivation tendency compared to the other groups. From potentiodynamic curves, groups HP_0.5 and HP_1.0 increased i_corr the most. From EIS data, groups HP_0.5 and HP_1.0 demonstrated the lowest impedance and phase angle on the Bode plot, indicating the highest corrosion kinetics. Based on EIS modeling, the combination of Ti ions, lactic acid, and H₂O₂ (group HP_0.5TiL) significantly decreased R_ct (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the concurrent presence of Ti ions, lactic acid, and H₂O₂ in the vicinity of the Ti surface increased the corrosion kinetics. High corrosion may produce more Ti products in the peri-implant tissues, which may increase the potential risk of peri-implantitis.

Keywords: corrosion; hydrogen peroxide; lactic acid; peri-implantitis; titanium.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Dental Implants*
Humans
Hydrogen Peroxide
Ions
Lactic Acid
Peri-Implantitis*
Titanium

Substances

Dental Implants
Hydrogen Peroxide
Titanium
Ions
Lactic Acid