Background: Leadership in a safety culture environment is essential in avoiding patient harm. However, leadership in surgery is not routinely taught or assessed. This study aims to identify a framework, metrics and tools to improve surgical leadership and safety outcomes.
Methods: Qualitative interviews were performed with leadership experts from safety-critical professions. Non-probability-based sampling was undertaken in major international airlines. Data underwent thematic analysis and clinical adaptation by multiple surgeon-analysts using the framework method.
Results: 583 codes were synthesised into 10 themes. Leaders were identified as 'threat and error managers' who placed safety first. Their core attribute was humble confidence. This allowed them to set the tone for high standards of practice, whilst empowering individuals to speak up about safety issues. Safety-oriented leaders assumed complete responsibility and applied their authority discerningly to obtain optimal outcomes. Finally, effective leaders rallied support for their mission by instilling confidence, building collaborations and managing conflict.
Conclusions: Surgical leadership requires the ability to manage risk, opportunity and people. The study provides an assessment matrix and deliverable tools for improving surgical safety.
Keywords: Crisis management; Healthcare systems design; Leadership; Non-technical skill; Quality and safety; Surgery.
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