Background: Ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring measures nighttime BP and BP dipping, which are superior to in-clinic BP for predicting cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death in America. Compared with other racial/ethnic groups, Black Americans exhibit elevated nighttime BP and attenuated BP dipping, including in young adulthood. Social determinants of health contribute to disparities in CVD risk, but the contribution of neighborhood deprivation on nighttime BP is unclear. Therefore, we examined associations between neighborhood deprivation with nighttime BP and BP dipping in young Black and White adults.
Methods: We recruited 21 Black and 26 White participants (20 M/27 F, mean age: 21 years, body mass index: 25±4 kg/m2) for 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring. We assessed nighttime BP and BP dipping (nighttime:daytime BP ratio). The area deprivation index (ADI) was used to measure neighborhood deprivation. Associations between ADI and ambulatory BP were examined.
Results: Black participants exhibited higher nighttime diastolic BP compared with White participants (63±8 mmHg vs 58±7 mmHg, p=0.003), and attenuated BP dipping ratios for both systolic (0.92±0.06 vs 0.86±0.05, p=0.001) and diastolic BP (0.86±0.09 vs 0.78±0.08, p=0.007). Black participants experienced greater neighborhood deprivation compared with White participants (ADI scores: 110±8 vs 97±21, p<0.001), and ADI was associated with attenuated systolic BP dipping (ρ=0.342, p=0.019).
Conclusions: Our findings suggest neighborhood deprivation may contribute to higher nighttime BP and attenuated BP dipping, which are prognostic of CVD, and more prevalent in Black adults. Targeted interventions to mitigate the effects of neighborhood deprivation may help to improve nighttime BP.
Clinical trial registry: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT04576338.
Keywords: ambulatory blood pressure; cardiovascular disease; health behaviors; racial disparities; social determinants of health.