Awareness of Myocardial Infarction Symptoms and Risk Factors in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Saad M Alsaab; Ahmed M Almutairi; Ghadi K Alsaadi; Ziyad A Altokhais; Samar H Alabdulqader; Wafa Y Alnofal; Nourah M Alduhaim

doi:10.7759/cureus.50092

Awareness of Myocardial Infarction Symptoms and Risk Factors in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Cureus. 2023 Dec 7;15(12):e50092. doi: 10.7759/cureus.50092. eCollection 2023 Dec.

Authors

Saad M Alsaab¹, Ahmed M Almutairi², Ghadi K Alsaadi³, Ziyad A Altokhais⁴, Samar H Alabdulqader⁵, Wafa Y Alnofal⁶, Nourah M Alduhaim⁷

Affiliations

¹ Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Riyadh, SAU.
² College of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, SAU.
³ College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, SAU.
⁴ College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Dawadmi, SAU.
⁵ College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, SAU.
⁶ Department of Internal Medicine, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, SAU.
⁷ Department of Medicine, AlQuwayiyah General Hospital, Riyadh, SAU.

Abstract

Background Cardiovascular disease is the leading global cause of mortality. Recognition of myocardial infarction (MI) symptoms is crucial as it influences clinical outcomes. Furthermore, awareness of MI risk factors assists in obtaining healthier lifestyles, alleviating its burden and mortality rates. This study aims to evaluate the awareness levels of the general population in Saudi Arabia regarding MI symptoms and risk factors and to identify its determinants. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among the general Saudi population, with 1,247 participants, excluding those residing outside Saudi Arabia and healthcare-related individuals. An online self-administered questionnaire encompassed sociodemographic characteristics, awareness of MI symptoms and risk factors, and participants' perceptions concerning appropriate responses during an MI event. Results The majority of participants recognized chest pain and shortness of breath as MI symptoms, with a percentage of 87.1% and 86%, respectively. Risk factors awareness was substantial at 90.3% for smoking and 76.1% for obesity. The mean overall awareness score was 26.6±7.5, and around 36% were aware of both symptoms and risk factors. Higher education levels were positively associated with both risk factors and symptom awareness, while employment status showed negative associations with both. Higher-income correlated with greater risk factors awareness. Gender remained significant, with males exhibiting a lower awareness of risk factors and symptoms. Region and chronic disease status were positively associated with risk factors and symptom awareness. More than 90% of participants perceived going to the emergency room immediately if they recognized an MI attack. Conclusion This study highlights the necessity for inclusive awareness campaigns to enhance the identification of MI symptoms and risk factors in Saudi Arabia. It should focus on groups with limited awareness, such as males, employed and retired individuals, and specific pronounced regional disparities.

Keywords: awareness; cardiovascular disease; middle east; myocardial infarction; saudi arabia.