Nanodiamonds and natural deep eutectic solvents as potential carriers for lipase

Sharifah Shahira Syed Putra; Chia Yong Chew; Adeeb Hayyan; Amal A M Elgharbawy; Tugba Taskin-Tok; Maan Hayyan; Gek Cheng Ngoh; Jehad Saleh; Waleed Al Abdulmonem; Ruqaih S Alghsham; Mohd Roslan Mohd Nor; Ahmad G H Aldaihani; Wan Jefrey Basirun

doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132245

Nanodiamonds and natural deep eutectic solvents as potential carriers for lipase

Int J Biol Macromol. 2024 May 8;270(Pt 2):132245. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132245. Online ahead of print.

Affiliations

¹ Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
² Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; Sustainable Process Engineering Centre (SPEC), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia. Electronic address: adeeb.hayyan@yahoo.com.
³ International Institute for Halal Research and Training (INHART), International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50728, Malaysia; Bioenvironmental Engineering Research Centre (BERC), Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), 53100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Electronic address: amalgh@iium.edu.my.
⁴ Gaziantep University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Gaziantep, Turkey; Gaziantep University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Gaziantep, Turkey.
⁵ Chemical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Muscat University, PO Box 550, Muscat P.C.130, Sultanate of Oman. Electronic address: maan_hayyan@yahoo.com.
⁶ Chemical Engineering Department, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia.
⁷ Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia.
⁸ Halal Research Group, Academy of Islamic Studies, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
⁹ School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK.
¹⁰ Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.

PMID: 38729477
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132245

Abstract

This study investigates the use of nanodiamonds (ND) as a promising carrier for enzyme immobilization and compares the effectiveness of immobilized and native enzymes. Three different enzyme types were tested, of which Rhizopus niveus lipase (RNL) exhibited the highest relative activity, up to 350 %. Under optimized conditions (1 h, pH 7.0, 40 °C), the immobilized ND-RNL showed a maximum specific activity of 0.765 U mg^-1, significantly higher than native RNL (0.505 U mg^-1). This study highlights a notable enhancement in immobilized lipase; furthermore, the enzyme can be recycled in the presence of a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES), retaining 76 % of its initial activity. This aids in preserving the native conformation of the protein throughout the reusability process. A test on brine shrimp revealed that even at low concentrations, ND-RNL had minimal toxicity, indicating its low cytotoxicity. The in silico molecular dynamics simulations performed in this study offer valuable insights into the mechanism of interactions between RNL and ND, demonstrating that RNL immobilization onto NDs enhances its efficiency and stability. All told, these findings highlight the immense potential of ND-immobilized RNL as an excellent candidate for biological applications and showcase the promise of further research in this field.

Keywords: Molecular dynamics; Natural deep eutectic solvents; Rhizopus niveus lipase.