Laboratories must notify health departments of cases of hepatitis C in Queensland, the Northern Territory (NT) and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). Our objectives were to estimate the minimum proportion of notified cases of hepatitis C that were recent infections and to determine the risk factors for infection of the notified cases. We conducted a retrospective investigation of all eligible notifications received at the health departments in Queensland, the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory. Of the 963 notifications about which information was received, 16 per cent were repeat notifications. These were excluded from further analysis. In Queensland, 7 per cent, and in both NT and ACT, 3 per cent of the notifications were considered to be recent infections. The most common risk factor reported for both recent and all other hepatitis C cases was a history of injecting drug use, although the proportion of cases with that history was different in NT from ACT and Queensland. Cases were tested because of screening programs: for drugs and alcohol, in sexually transmitted diseases clinics and prison; and because of clinical indications such as a risk factor, symptoms, or results of liver function tests. Another common reason for testing was a request from a patient. A significant proportion of recorded notifications was repeat notifications. Most notifications were of patients who had become infected more than 12 months ago and the most common risk factor was injecting drug use. There was not a high proportion of cases with unknown risk factors.