In the author's institution, 2254 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been treated during 1958-1994. The overall 5-year survival increased from 5.4% (1958-1970), to 11.9% (1971-1982), to 46.2% (1983-1984), which correlated well with the increasing proportion of small HCC in the series (2.6%, 12.1%, and 33.4%, respectively); with the increasing percentage of limited resection (3.1%, 32.2%, and 58.3%); with the increasing number of re-resections for recurrence (0, 27, and 114 patients); and with the increasing number of second stage resections (0, 5, and 67 patients). In our institution, surgical approaches that resulted in significantly prolonging survival included: small HCC resection, re-resection, and cytoreduction followed by sequential resection for initially unresectable HCC. Experience in these 3 aspects suggests: (a) Small HCCs are mainly found by screening using AFP and ultrasonography (US) in a high risk population, and limited resection is the best treatment in patients with compensated liver cirrhosis, the 5-year survival after resection being 62.9% (n = 549). (b) Postoperative monitoring using AFP/US every 2-3 months for 5-10 years after curative resection is needed to detect subclinical recurrence. Limited re-resection is indicated for liver recurrence less than 3 nodules, and lung lobectomy is of proven merit to prolong survival for solitary lung metastasis. Re-resection of subclinical recurrence has resulted in a 10-20% further increase in 5-year survival after curative resection. (c) Palliative surgery other than resection such as hepatic artery ligation (HAL) and cannulation with arterial infusion (HAI), cryosurgery, etc. are superior to palliative resection with residual cancer. (d) Cytoreduction and sequential resection have provided hope for localized unresectable HCC, particularly in the right cirrhotic liver. Multimodality combination treatments such as HAL+HAI+radioimmunotherapy/regional radiotherapy are acceptable cytoreductive therapies. Repeated transcatheter hepatic arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is an alternative nonsurgical approach. Sequential resection is important to eradicate residual cancer after cytoreduction. The 5-year survival of 72 patients with cytoreduction and sequential resection for initially unresectable HCC was 62.1% and resulted in improving 5-year survival in the entire series of unresectable HCC over the 3 periods from 0% to 7.4% to 25.7%, respectively. However, multicentric origin and tumor invasiveness are two major targets to be studied in the control of recurrence and metastasis.