A combination of techniques is presented allowing gel-purified protein identification in the femtomole range using matrix-assisted-laser-desorption-ionization mass spectrometry. The proteins are detected in the primary gel by a sensitive negative staining procedure, transferred, and concentrated in a secondary gel matrix. There, they are digested in the presence of H218O and their sequences are predicted (1) by peptide mass fingerprinting, (2) by comparing the post-source-decay (PSD) spectra with theoretical spectra of candidate isobaric peptides using a computer algorithm called MassFrag, and (3) by a manual readout of the 18O/16O-labeled fragmentation ions in the PSD spectra.