Recent studies have provided evidence that brainstem gustatory neurons undergo substantial dendritic growth during a period of postnatal development that coincides with the maturation of their response to salts, suggesting a relationship (perhaps causal) between the physiology and morphology of developing salt-sensitive neurons. In an initial effort to explore this issue, we used extracellular and intracellular recording and intracellular labeling techniques to examine the structure and function of individual gustatory neurons in the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract (rNST) of young (postnatal day [P] 22-28) and adult rats. We found that P22-28 cells that responded to all three of the salts in our taste array had a greater dendritic length, a greater cell volume, and more dendritic branches than the cells that responded to one salt. As a group, taste-sensitive neurons in P22-28 animals had a higher maximum dendritic branch order and a trend toward more dendritic branch points than gustatory neurons in adult animals. The dendritic arbors of P22-28 taste neurons that responded to all three salts were larger (greater surface area and volume), more extensive in the rostrocaudal axis and exhibited a higher maximum branch order, more branch points and higher swelling density than adult cells that responded to all three salts. These results demonstrate that the morphology of salt-sensitive gustatory neurons in developing animals is closely related to the number of salts that evoke a response. The data also support the postulate that gustatory neurons in the rat brainstem undergo substantial dendritic remodeling between the fourth week of life and adulthood. Dendritic remodeling may play an important role in the maturation of the rNST response to NaCl.