1 European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.
2 VIB Center for Microbiology, VIB, Belgium.
3 Laboratory of Microbiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
4 The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
5 Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
6 Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
7 New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
8 Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
9 RPU Immunobiology, Department of Bacteriology & Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
10 Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
11 Metagenopolis, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy en Josas, France.
12 King's College London, Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Dental Institute Central Office, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
13 Institute for Genome Sciences at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
14 Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
15 Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
16 APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
17 Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA.
18 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
19 Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
20 MPI Department of Microbiome Science, Tübingen, Germany.
21 Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA.
22 Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
23 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
24 Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
25 Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
26 Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
27 Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
28 Princess Al Jawhara Albrahim Center of Excellence in the Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
29 Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai long, Taipa, Macau, China.
30 Department of Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
31 The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
32 Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
33 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
34 VIB Center for Microbiology, VIB, Belgium. jeroen.raes@kuleuven.be.
35 Laboratory of Microbiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium. jeroen.raes@kuleuven.be.
36 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. jeroen.raes@kuleuven.be.
37 Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA. robknight@ucsd.edu.
38 Biofrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA. robknight@ucsd.edu.
39 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA. robknight@ucsd.edu.
40 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA. robknight@ucsd.edu.
41 European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany. bork@embl.de.
42 Max-Delbrück-Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany. bork@embl.de.
43 Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, Heidelberg, Germany. bork@embl.de.
In the version of this Perspective originally published, the first and last name of co-author Manimozhiyan Arumugam were switched. This has now been corrected in all versions of the Perspective.