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Social orienting and social seeking behaviors in ASD. A meta analytic investigation
- PMID: 33069686
- DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.003
Social orienting and social seeking behaviors in ASD. A meta analytic investigation
Abstract
Social motivation accounts of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) posit that individuals with ASD find social stimuli less rewarding than neurotypical (NT) individuals. Behaviorally, this is proposed to manifest in reduced social orienting (individuals with ASD direct less attention towards social stimuli) and reduced social seeking (individuals with ASD invest less effort to receive social stimuli). In two meta-analyses, involving data from over 6000 participants, we review the available behavioral studies that assess social orienting and social seeking behaviors in ASD. We found robust evidence for reduced social orienting in ASD, across a range of paradigms, demographic variables and stimulus contexts. The most robust predictor of this effect was interactive content - effects were larger when the stimulus involved an interaction between people. By contrast, the evidence for reduced social seeking indicated weaker evidence for group differences, observed only under specific experimental conditions. The insights gained from this meta-analysis can inform design of relevant task measures for social reward responsivity and promote directions for further study on the ASD phenotype.
Keywords: Autism; Meta-analysis; Social motivation; Social orienting; Social reward; Social seeking.
Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Quantifying preference for social stimuli in young children using two tasks on a mobile platform
- PMID: 35648753
- PMCID: PMC9159616
- DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265587
Abstract
Children typically prefer to attend to social stimuli (e.g. faces, smiles) over non-social stimuli (e.g. natural scene, household objects). This preference for social stimuli is believed to be an essential building block for later social skills and healthy social development. Preference for social stimuli are typically measured using either passive viewing or instrumental choice paradigms, but not both. Since these paradigms likely tap into different mechanisms, the current study addresses this gap by administering both of these paradigms on an overlapping sample. In this study, we use a preferential looking task and an instrumental choice task to measure preference for social stimuli in 3-9 year old typically developing children. Children spent longer looking at social stimuli in the preferential looking task but did not show a similar preference for social rewards on the instrumental choice task. Task performance in these two paradigms were not correlated. Social skills were found to be positively related to the preference for social rewards on the choice task. This study points to putatively different mechanisms underlying the preference for social stimuli, and highlights the importance of choice of paradigms in measuring this construct.
Conflict of interest statement
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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Using mobile health technology to assess childhood autism in low-resource community settings in India: An innovation to address the detection gap
- PMID: 37458273
- PMCID: PMC10913299
- DOI: 10.1177/13623613231182801
Abstract
Autism is diagnosed by highly trained professionals- but most autistic people live in parts of the world that harbour few or no such autism specialists and little autism awareness. So many autistic people go undiagnosed, misdiagnosed, and misunderstood. We designed an app (START) to identify autism and related conditions in such places, in an attempt to address this global gap in access to specialists. START uses computerised games and activities for children and a questionnaire for parents to measure social, sensory, and motor skills. To check whether START can flag undiagnosed children likely to have neurodevelopmental conditions, we tested START with children whose diagnoses already were known: Non-specialist health workers with just a high-school education took START to family homes in poor neighbourhoods of Delhi, India to work with 131 two-to-seven-year-olds. Differences between typically and atypically developing children were highlighted in all three types of skills that START assesses: children with neurodevelopmental conditions preferred looking at geometric patterns rather than social scenes, were fascinated by predictable, repetitive sensory stimuli, and had more trouble with precise hand movements. Parents' responses to surveys further distinguished autistic from non-autistic children. An artificial-intelligence technique combining all these measures demonstrated that START can fairly accurately flag atypically developing children. Health workers and families endorsed START as attractive to most children, understandable to health workers, and adaptable within sometimes chaotic home and family environments. This study provides a proof of principle for START in digital screening of autism and related conditions in community settings.
Keywords: Autism; LMIC; digital health; global.
Conflict of interest statement
Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this article.
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Social anxiety is more likely to influence reputation management decisions than autistic traits
- PMID: 37823594
- DOI: 10.1002/aur.3040
Abstract
People manage their social reputation by selectively sharing achievements, thereby shaping the way others think about them. Autistic traits and social anxiety may have opposing impacts on reputation management. This study aimed to identify the influence of autistic traits and social anxiety on reputation management behavior, independently and in co-occurrence with one another. Seventy-seven adults with varying levels of autistic and social anxiety traits completed a novel self-disclosure task that required them to complete a computerized game and decide whether to disclose their scores to another participant. This design provided a safe social environment for sharing performance outcomes and allowed us to manipulate performance outcomes for participants and set a perceived 'norm' of high self-disclosure. Results showed that participants were more likely to disclose their high than low scores to the other player. Social anxiety reliably predicted the likelihood of disclosing their scores while high autistic traits predicted the likelihood of disclosure only in combination with high social anxiety. Additionally, establishing the norm of high disclosure facilitated self-disclosure in all the participants. This study shows that social anxiety may influence reputation management via selective self-disclosure more when co-occurring with high autistic traits. People with varying levels of autistic traits may not behave differently to maintain a social reputation.
Keywords: autistic traits; reputation management; self-disclosure; social anxiety.
© 2023 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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The Latent Structure of Autistic Traits: A Taxometric, Latent Class and Latent Profile Analysis of the Adult Autism Spectrum Quotient
- PMID: 27620625
- PMCID: PMC5110592
- DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-2897-z
Abstract
Autistic traits are widely thought to operate along a continuum. A taxometric analysis of Adult Autism Spectrum Quotient data was conducted to test this assumption, finding little support but identifying a high severity taxon. To understand this further, latent class and latent profile models were estimated that indicated the presence of six distinct subtypes: one with little probability of endorsing any autistic traits, one engaging in 'systemising' behaviours, three groups endorsing multiple components of Wing and Gould's autistic triad, and a group similar in size and profile to the taxon previously identified. These analyses suggest the AQ (and potentially by extension autistic traits) have a categorical structure. These findings have important implications for the analysis and interpretation of AQ data.
Keywords: Autism quotient; Autistic traits; Latent class analysis; Latent structure analysis; Nosology; Taxometric analysis.
Conflict of interest statement
We declare none of the authors hold a conflict of interest. Human and Animal Rights All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed Consent Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
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Measuring the value of social engagement in adults with and without autism
- PMID: 26097674
- PMCID: PMC4473830
- DOI: 10.1186/s13229-015-0031-2
Abstract
Background: Differences in social communication are commonly reported in autism spectrum condition (ASC). A recent theory attributes this to a reduced motivation to engage with others, that is, deficits in social motivation. However, there are currently few simple, direct, behavioural ways to test this claim. This study uses a new behavioural measure of social motivation to test if preferences for direct gaze and face stimuli are linked to autistic traits or an ASC diagnosis. Our novel choose-a-movie (CAM) paradigm measures the effort participants invest to see particular stimuli. This aspect of social motivation is also known as social seeking.
Methods: In experiment 1, 80 typical adults completed the CAM task and a measure of autistic traits. In experiment 2, 30 adults with ASC and 24 age/IQ-matched typical adults completed the CAM paradigm.
Results: The results from study one showed that typical adults prefer social stimuli over non-social, but this preference is weaker in those with higher levels of autistic traits. In study two, adults with ASC showed a significant reduction in their preference for direct gaze but little difference in their preference for faces without direct gaze.
Conclusions: These data show that social motivation can be measured in a simple, direct, behavioural paradigm. Furthermore, adults with ASC prefer direct gaze less than typical adults but may not avoid faces without direct gaze. This data advance our understanding of how social motivation may differ between those with and without autism.
Keywords: Adult behaviour; Autism; Direct gaze; Social motivation; Social reward; Social seeking.
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Comparison of choose-a-movie and approach-avoidance paradigms to measure social motivation
- PMID: 29563653
- PMCID: PMC5845071
- DOI: 10.1007/s11031-017-9647-1
Abstract
Social motivation is a subjective state which is rather difficult to quantify. It has sometimes been conceptualised as "behavioural effort" to seek social contact. Two paradigms: approach-avoidance (AA) and choose a movie (CAM), based on the same conceptualisation, have been used to measure social motivation in people with and without autism. However, in absence of a direct comparison, it is hard to know which of these paradigms has higher sensitivity in estimating preference for social over non-social stimuli. Here we compare these two tasks for their utility in (1) evaluating social seeking in typical people and (2) identifying the influence of autistic traits on social motivation. Our results suggest that CAM reveals a clear preference for social stimuli over non-social in typical adults but AA fails to do so. Also, social seeking measured with CAM but not AA has a negative relationship between autistic traits.
Keywords: Approach/avoidance; Autistic traits; Choose-a-movie (CAM); Social motivation; Social seeking.
Conflict of interest statement
Compliance with ethical standardsThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
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Bipolar disorder and tuberous sclerosis complex: is it a mere coincidence?
- PMID: 20173689
- DOI: 10.1017/s1092852900023889
Bipolar disorder and tuberous sclerosis complex: is it a mere coincidence?
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is associated with significant psychiatric comorbidity mainly in the form of autistic disorders, hyperkinetic disorders, depression, and anxiety disorders. There are very few reports of bipolar disorder in TSC. The authors present the case of a patient with TSC having bipolar disorder manifesting as manic as well as depressive episodes. The diagnosis of TSC was based on the presence of facial angiofibromas, enamel pits, and shagreen patches on clinical examination, and the presence of cortical tubers and calcified subependymal nodules on neuroimaging. The patient presented during the manic phase of the illness and responded well to treatment with carbamazepine and haloperidol and became symptom free within 1 month. The patient's neuropsychological assessment revealed a borderline level of intellectual functioning and deficits in attention and concentration, recent memory, delayed and immediate recall, and visual retention. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TSC with bipolar disorder having both manic as well as depressive episodes. The nature of association between TSC and bipolar disorder, and its clinical implications are discussed.
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Brief Report: A Comparison of the Preference for Viewing Social and Non-social Movies in Typical and Autistic Adolescents
- PMID: 27878740
- PMCID: PMC5309295
- DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-2974-3
Brief Report: A Comparison of the Preference for Viewing Social and Non-social Movies in Typical and Autistic Adolescents
Abstract
The recently proposed Social Motivation theory (Chevallier et al., Trends in cognitive sciences 16(4):231-239, 2012) suggests that social difficulties in Autism Spectrum Condition (ASC) might be caused by a difference in the motivation to engage with other people. Here we compared adolescents with (N = 31) and without (N = 37) ASC on the Choose-a-Movie paradigm that measures the social seeking. The results showed a preference for viewing objects over smiling faces in ASC, which is in line with the theory of low social motivation. However, typical adolescents did not show any stimuli preferences, raising questions about developmental changes in social motivation. Age was found to play a significant role in moderating the choice behaviour of the participants. We discuss the implications of these findings in detail.
Keywords: Adolescents; Autism spectrum conditions (ASC); Choose-a-Movie (CAM) task; Social motivation; Social preference.
Conflict of interest statement
Compliance with Ethical StandardsConflict of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.Ethical ApprovalAll procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.Informed ConsentInformed consent was obtained from the primary caretakers of all individual participants under age 18 years included in the study.