Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation

Search Page

Filters

My NCBI Filters

Results by year

Table representation of search results timeline featuring number of search results per year.

Year Number of Results
1974 2
1976 2
1978 1
1979 1
1980 1
1981 1
1986 1
1987 1
1988 1
1990 1
1992 4
1996 1
1997 3
1998 1
1999 4
2000 2
2001 3
2003 4
2004 6
2005 2
2006 4
2007 4
2008 4
2009 3
2010 4
2011 5
2012 8
2013 10
2014 21
2015 37
2016 48
2017 45
2018 52
2019 63
2020 80
2021 80
2022 60
2023 57
2024 27

Text availability

Article attribute

Article type

Publication date

Search Results

556 results

Results by year

Filters applied: . Clear all
Quoted phrase not found in phrase index: "Causes of gender incongruence"
Page 1
Mental health and gender dysphoria: A review of the literature.
Dhejne C, Van Vlerken R, Heylens G, Arcelus J. Dhejne C, et al. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2016;28(1):44-57. doi: 10.3109/09540261.2015.1115753. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2016. PMID: 26835611 Review.
Research has also provided conflicting psychiatric outcomes following gender-confirming medical interventions. This review identifies 38 cross-sectional and longitudinal studies describing prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders and psychiatric outcomes, pre- and post- …
Research has also provided conflicting psychiatric outcomes following gender-confirming medical interventions. This review identifies …
Gender medicine: effects of sex and gender on cardiovascular disease manifestation and outcomes.
Regitz-Zagrosek V, Gebhard C. Regitz-Zagrosek V, et al. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2023 Apr;20(4):236-247. doi: 10.1038/s41569-022-00797-4. Epub 2022 Oct 31. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2023. PMID: 36316574 Free PMC article. Review.
The relative contribution of purely biological factors, such as genes and hormones, to cardiovascular phenotypes and outcomes is not yet fully understood. Increasing awareness of the effects of gender has led to efforts to measure gender in retrospective and prospec …
The relative contribution of purely biological factors, such as genes and hormones, to cardiovascular phenotypes and outcomes is not yet ful …
Transgender people: health at the margins of society.
Winter S, Diamond M, Green J, Karasic D, Reed T, Whittle S, Wylie K. Winter S, et al. Lancet. 2016 Jul 23;388(10042):390-400. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00683-8. Epub 2016 Jun 17. Lancet. 2016. PMID: 27323925 Free article. Review.
Modern research shows much higher numbers of transgender people than were apparent in earlier clinic-based studies, as well as biological factors associated with gender incongruence. We examine research showing that many transgender people live on the margins of soc …
Modern research shows much higher numbers of transgender people than were apparent in earlier clinic-based studies, as well as biological fa …
Gender dysphoria and autism spectrum disorder: A narrative review.
Van Der Miesen AI, Hurley H, De Vries AL. Van Der Miesen AI, et al. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2016;28(1):70-80. doi: 10.3109/09540261.2015.1111199. Epub 2016 Jan 12. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2016. PMID: 26753812 Review.
The current literature shows growing evidence of a link between gender dysphoria (GD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study reviews the available clinical and empirical data. A systematic search of the literature was conducted using the following databases: …
The current literature shows growing evidence of a link between gender dysphoria (GD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This …
Gender Dysphoria.
Garg G, Elshimy G, Marwaha R. Garg G, et al. 2023 Jul 11. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan–. 2023 Jul 11. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan–. PMID: 30335346 Free Books & Documents.
Some children might experience incongruity and grow into transgender adults. Gender dysphoria (GD), according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM 5), is defined as a "marked incongruence between their experienced or expressed …
Some children might experience incongruity and grow into transgender adults. Gender dysphoria (GD), according to the Diagnosti …
The Biological Contributions to Gender Identity and Gender Diversity: Bringing Data to the Table.
Polderman TJC, Kreukels BPC, Irwig MS, Beach L, Chan YM, Derks EM, Esteva I, Ehrenfeld J, Heijer MD, Posthuma D, Raynor L, Tishelman A, Davis LK; International Gender Diversity Genomics Consortium. Polderman TJC, et al. Behav Genet. 2018 Mar;48(2):95-108. doi: 10.1007/s10519-018-9889-z. Epub 2018 Feb 19. Behav Genet. 2018. PMID: 29460079 Free article. Review.
The American Psychological Association defines gender identity as, "A person's deeply-felt, inherent sense of being a boy, a man, or a male; a girl, a woman, or a female; or an alternative gender (e.g., genderqueer, gender nonconforming, gender neutral …
The American Psychological Association defines gender identity as, "A person's deeply-felt, inherent sense of being a boy, a man, or …
Individuals Treated for Gender Dysphoria with Medical and/or Surgical Transition Who Subsequently Detransitioned: A Survey of 100 Detransitioners.
Littman L. Littman L. Arch Sex Behav. 2021 Nov;50(8):3353-3369. doi: 10.1007/s10508-021-02163-w. Epub 2021 Oct 19. Arch Sex Behav. 2021. PMID: 34665380 Free PMC article.
The study's purpose was to describe a population of individuals who experienced gender dysphoria, chose to undergo medical and/or surgical transition and then detransitioned by discontinuing medications, having surgery to reverse the effects of transition, or both. …
The study's purpose was to describe a population of individuals who experienced gender dysphoria, chose to undergo medical and …
Gender-Affirming Hormone Use in Transgender Individuals: Impact on Behavioral Health and Cognition.
Nguyen HB, Chavez AM, Lipner E, Hantsoo L, Kornfield SL, Davies RD, Epperson CN. Nguyen HB, et al. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2018 Oct 11;20(12):110. doi: 10.1007/s11920-018-0973-0. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2018. PMID: 30306351 Free PMC article. Review.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: With increasing numbers of transgender and gender non-binary individuals presenting for care, knowing how to elucidate the mental health and cognitive outcomes of gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) is necessary. ...Research tends to support t …
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: With increasing numbers of transgender and gender non-binary individuals presenting for care, knowing how to eluci …
Prevalence of co-occurring mental health diagnoses in the autism population: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Lai MC, Kassee C, Besney R, Bonato S, Hull L, Mandy W, Szatmari P, Ameis SH. Lai MC, et al. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019 Oct;6(10):819-829. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30289-5. Epub 2019 Aug 22. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019. PMID: 31447415
FINDINGS: Of 9746 unique studies identified, 432 were selected for full-text review. 100 studies were eligible for inclusion in our qualitative synthesis, of which 96 were included in our meta-analyses. 11 categories of co-occurring conditions were investigated, of which eight co …
FINDINGS: Of 9746 unique studies identified, 432 were selected for full-text review. 100 studies were eligible for inclusion in our qualitat …
Cardiovascular Risk Associated With Gender Affirming Hormone Therapy in Transgender Population.
Aranda G, Halperin I, Gomez-Gil E, Hanzu FA, Seguí N, Guillamon A, Mora M. Aranda G, et al. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021 Sep 30;12:718200. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.718200. eCollection 2021. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021. PMID: 34659112 Free PMC article. Review.
Transgender men and women represent about 0.6 -1.1%% of the general population. Gender affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) helps ameliorate gender dysphoria and promote well-being. ...
Transgender men and women represent about 0.6 -1.1%% of the general population. Gender affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) helps amelior …
556 results