Cleft lip/palate and educational attainment: cause, consequence or correlation? A Mendelian randomization study.
Dardani C, Howe LJ, Mukhopadhyay N, Stergiakouli E, Wren Y, Humphries K, Davies A, Ho K, Weinberg SM, Marazita ML, Mangold E, Ludwig KU, Relton CL, Davey Smith G, Lewis SJ, Sandy J, Davies NM, Sharp GC.
Dardani C, et al.
Int J Epidemiol. 2020 Aug 1;49(4):1282-1293. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyaa047.
Int J Epidemiol. 2020.
PMID: 32373937
Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have found that children born with a non-syndromic orofacial cleft have lower-than-average educational attainment. Differences could be due to a genetic predisposition to low intelligence and academic performance, factors arising due to …
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have found that children born with a non-syndromic orofacial cleft have lower-than-average educat …